GLOSSARY:-
Found – ફાઉન્ડ – સ્થાપના કરવી
Experience – એક્સપિરિયન્સ – અનભુવ
Climb- ક્લાઈમ્બ- ચઢવું
Branch – બ્રાન્ચ – શાખા
Advice – એડવાઈસ – સલાહ
Advise- એડવાઇઝ – સલાહ આપવી (ક્રિયાપદ છે.)
Climb up – ક્લાઈમ્બ અપ- ચઢવું
climb down – ક્લાઈમ્બ – ઉતરવું
laughed at – લાફ એટ – ની મશ્કરી કરવી, ની મજાક કરવી
follow – ફોલો – અનુસરણ કરવું
continued – કંટીન્યુડ – ચાલુ રાખ્યું
trade fair – ટ્રેડ ફેર – વ્યાપાર મેળો
auto rickshaw – ઓટો રીક્ષા
to show – શો – બતાવવું
Saw – સો (see નો ભૂતકાળ) – જોયું
Quite – ક્વાઈટ – તદ્દન ,ખૂબ જ
Quiet – ક્વાઈટ – શાંત
goods – ગુડઝ – માલ
good – ગુડ – ભલો , સારો
electronic – ઇલેક્ટ્રોનિક – વિદ્યુતથી ચાલતા, વીજાણુ
Visitors – વિઝીટર્સ – મુલાકાતીઓ
for a while – ફોર અ વ્હાઈલ – થોડાક સમય માટે
for a moment – ફોર અ મોમેન્ટ – થોડીક ક્ષણ માટે
Mixer grinder – મિક્સર ગ્રાઈન્ડર – દળવાનું નું યંત્ર
Phrase – ફ્રેઝ – નાનકડો શબ્દ સમૂહ
Aloud – અલાઉડ – મોટેથી
Fell down – ફેલ ડાઉન – નીચે પડી જવું
surrounded by – સરાઉન્ડિડ બાઇ – થી ઘેરાયેલું
1. Look at the picture and answer the following questions:
(ચિત્ર જુઓ અને આપેલા પ્રશ્નોના જવાબ આપો.)
Ans: There is a giant wheel in the picture.
(2) Where is it found?
Ans: It is found in a fair or in an amusement park.
(3) Have you ever taken a ride in it?
Ans: Yes, I have taken a ride in it.
(4) Tell your class about your experience of riding on it.
Ans: Riding in a giant wheel is an awesome experience. You can watch the city from the top.
Read the paragraph and answer the questions: ફકરો વાંચો અને પ્રશ્નોના જવાબ આપો.
Vinu climbed up a tree. He sat on a branch. He was cutting the same branch. An old man saw the boy. He said. “Oh Vinu! Don’t cut that branch. You will fall. The boy laughed at the old man. He did not follow his advice. He continued to cut the branch. He fell down and broke his leg.
(1) Who climbed up a tree?
Ans: Vinu climbed up a tree.
(2) What was Vinu cutting?
Ans: Vinu was cutting the same branch on which he was sitting,
(3) Vinu was cutting the _________.
(A) same branch on which he sat.
(B) other branch of the same tree.
Ans:- (A) same branch on which he sat.
Ans: An old man warned Vinu.
(5) Vinu followed the old man’s advice. (✓ or x)
Ans:- false
(6) Who fell down from the tree?
Ans: Vinu fell down from the tree.
(7) Vinu broke his______
(A) hand
Ans:- (B) leg
Read the paragraph and answer the questions: (ફકરો વાંચો અને પ્રશ્નોના જવાબ આપો.
★ Tina lives in a town called Halol, It is surrounded by small villages, and it is not far from Vadodara, Last month, Tina visited a village fair near Halol. After a few days, she visited a trade fair in Vododara. She wrote a letter to her friend Meena, who lives in Bhuj.
Halol.
25 July, 2014
Dear Meena,
Thank you for your letter of 15th July. I was happy to read about your visit to Dhola Veera.
I visited two different fairs last month, and I want to tell you about them.
(1) Where does Tina live?
Ans: Tina lives in a town called Halol.
(2) Halol is not far from Vadodara. (✓ or x)
Ans:- true.
(3) Which place did Tina visit last month?
Ans: Last month, Tina visited a village fair near Halol,
(4) Tina visited a_____
(A) village fair
Ans:- (B) trade fair
(5) Who lives in Bhuj?
Ans: Meena lives in Bhuj.
(6) To whom did Tina write a letter?
Ans: Tina wrote a letter to her friend Meena, who lives in Bhuj.
★ First, I visited a village fair between Halol and Pavagadh, We went there in an auto-rickshaw. There were two small temples outside a small village. I went there with my parents. We reached there in the evening. The open ground between the two temples was full of people.
1. Tina visited a village fair between Halol and_______.
(A) Vadodara
Ans:- (D) Pavagadh
2. Tina went to the village fair by
(A) an auto-rickshaw
Ans:- (A) an auto-rickshaw
3. With whom did Tina go to the fair?
Ans: Tina went to the fair with her parents.
(4) How many temples were there outside the village?
(A) one
Ans:- (C) two
(5) Tina and her parents reached at the village fair in the morning. (✔ or x)
Ans:- false.
(6) There was an_______.
(A) open space
Ans:- (B) open ground.
(7) The open ground was full of water. (√ or X)
Ans:- false.
★. There were many shops toy shops, sweet shops and a colourful bazaar of household items. Some
children were standing in front of a toy shop. They were looking at a small plane. The shopkeeper was showing them the plane. The children laughed with joy and clapped loudly.
(1) What did Tina see at the village fair?
Ans: Tina saw many shops-toy shops, sweet shops, and a colourful bazaar of house hold items. Some children in front of a toy shop were looking at a small plane and they were laughing with joy.
(2) The children were standing in front of the sweet shop. (√ or ×)
Ans:- false
(3) What were the children looking at?
Ans: The children were looking at a plane.
(4)_____was showing the plane.
(A) Tina
Ans: (B) The shopkeeper
(5) The children laughed with joy and clapped loudly. (✓or X)
Ans: true.
(6) What shows that the children were happy?
Ans: The children were happy as they laughed with joy and clapped loudly.
(1) What did they see?
(A) A magician and a juggler
(B) A film and A theatre
(C) A train and buses
(D) A merry-go-round and A giant-wheel
Ans: (D) A merry-go-round and A giant-wheel
(2) The merry-go-round was huge. (√ or x)
Ans: false
(3) The giant wheel was really_____.
(A) small
Ans: (B) huge
(4) The loud speakers were playing____
(A) film songs
Ans: (A) film songs
(5) There were many children in the_______
(A) merry-go-round
Ans: (B) giant-wheel
(6) What were the children doing in the giant wheel?
(A) crying in pain
(B) shouting in excitement
(C) jumping on wheels
(D) sitting quietly
Ans:- B) shouting in excitement
(7) What was the juggler doing?
(A) playing with three balls
(B) playing with four balls
(C) playing with five balls
(D) playing with six balls
Ans: (C) playing with five balls
(8) Juggler was keeping all the balls in the water. (√ or X)
Ans: false
(9) Wonderful’ means____
(A) housefull
Ans: (B) great
★ After some days, we visited a trade fair in Vadodara. It was a school trip. We went there on a Sunday, We went by a bus.
There was no entry fee. The whole ground was full of large stalls. There were many stalls of electronic goods like TV, VCR and music systems. The girls on the counters were well dressed. They were answering the questions of visitors with a smile.
(1) There was a trade fair in Vadodara. (√ or x)
Ans: true
(2) Where did they go for the school trip?
Ans: For the school trip, they went to visit a trade fair in Vadodara.
(3) When did the children go to the trade fair?
Ans: The children went to the trade fair on a Sunday.
(4) How did the children go to the trade fair?
Ans: The children went to the trade fair by a bus.
(5) Which stalls were there at the trade fair?
Ans: At the trade fair, there were stalls of electronic goods like TV, VCR and music system.
(6) What were the girls doing on the counters?
Ans: The girls on the counters were answering the questions of visitors with a smile.
(7) The girls were answering the questions
(A) with a gift
Ans: (C) with a smile
★ There was another row of stalls for things like fridge and washing machines. One salesman was demonstrating the use of a mixer-grinder Two young women were asking him some questions.
(1) There was another row of stalls for things like_______and________.
(2) One salesman was demonstrating the use of__________.
Ans : a mixer-grinder
Ans: Two young women were asking some questions to the salesman.
(4) Demonstrating’ means
(A) asking
Ans: (C) showing
Ok, I will stop now. Convey my regards to your parents.
Yours sincerely,
Tina.
(1) What was there at the other end of the fair?
Ans: At the other end of the fair, there were some fast-food stalls.
(2) What did Tina order?
Ans: Tina ordered a glass of lassi.
(3) What did Tina’s friends order?
Ans: true
(5) Tina and her friends bought some sweets. (✓ or x)
Ans: false
(6) Tina conveyed her regards to Meena’s parents. (√ or X)
Ans: true
Activity – 4
Find out similar phrases from the letter in Activity-3:
(પ્રવૃત્તિ 3 ના પત્રમાંથી સરખાં શબ્દસમૂહ શોધો.)
Example: Came back from Amreli:- came back in the evening.
(1) fell down from the giant wheel : fell down from the tree.
(2) looking at the birds : looking at a small plane.
(3) laughed at my friend : laughed at the old man.
(4) a couple of days : a couple of sweet shops.
(5) end of the movie : end of the fair.
(6) full of water : full of people
(7) climb up the hill : climbed up a tree.
(8) row of trees : row of stalls.
(9) sat down on the road : sat down on a branch.
(10) listen for a while : listen to a advice.
Say whether the statements are True (T) or False (F):
(1) Tina visited Dhola Veera.
Ans : False
(2) Meena visited the trade fair in March 2014.
Ans : False
(3) Meena visited the village fair with her parents.
Ans : False
(4) The trade fair was in Halol.
Ans : False
(5) Meena ate Jalebis.
Ans : False
Fill in the blanks with “and” / “but”:
(1) Ram_______Shyam are tall.
Ans : and
(2) Rahim runs fast_____Ramesh runs slow.
Ans : but
(3) Mahi is tall_______Vani is short.
Ans : but
(4) Krunal is a good dancer but Mayank is not.
Ans : but
(5) Mr. Chauhan is an author________teacher.
Ans : and
(6) Ram________Rahim are reading a book.
Ans : and
(7) Ram is reading a poem________Rahim is writing a poem.
Ans : but
(8) Manan_______Chintan are good friends.
Ans : and
(9) Mahesh is fat______Suresh is thin.
Ans : but
(10) Kavya is fair________tall.
Ans : and
Activity – 5
Describe the following picture using the given words : (આપેલા શબ્દોનો ઉપયોગ કરી ચિત્રનું વર્ણન કરો.) (railway station, train, book stall, tea stall, ticket checker porter, clock)
This is the picture of a busy railway station. A train has just arrived here. A man at the book stall is asking for some books. A man is making tea at the tea stall. A lady is showing her ticket to the ticket checker. Porters are carrying passengers lugguage either on their head or on a hand driven cart. The clock at the station shows that its about 20 minutes to 5.
Activity – 6
Manisha is comparing what she was doing yesterday and today at the same time. Can you help her?
(મનિષાએ ગઈકાલે અને આજે એક જ સમયે શું-શું કર્યું હતું તેની તે સરખામણી કરી રહી છે : તમે તેને મદદ કરી શકો ?)
| Time. | Yesterday’s activities | Today’s activities |
| 7:00 am | She was reading a book | She is helping her mother in the kitchen |
| 11:00 am | draw-picture | attending-prayer |
| 1:30 pm | make-paper bag | present-class |
| 6:00 pm | play-khokho | talk-friend |
| 7:30 pm | watch-television | do-homework |
| 8:30 pm | eat-dinner | cut-vegetables |
| 9:30 pm | play-garden | watch-movie |
Now re-write the sentences like this: (આપેલ ઉદાહરણ મુજબ વાક્યો લખો.)
Example: Yesterday at 7.00 am, Manisha was reading a book.
Today at 7.00 am, Manisha is helping her mother in the kitchen.
(1) Yesterday at 11:00 am, Manisha was drawing a picture.
Today at 11:00 am, Manisha is attending a prayer.
(2) Yesterday at 1:30 pm. Manisha was making paperbag.
Today at 1:30 pm, she is present in the class.
(3) Yesterday at 6:00 pm, Manisha was playing khokho.
Today at 6:00 pm, she is talking with her friend.
(4) Yesterday at 7:30 pm, Manisha was watching television.
Today at 7:30 pm, Manisha is doing her home work
(5) Yesterday at 8:30 pm, Manisha was eating dinner.
Today at 8:30 pm, Manisha is cutting vegetables.
(6) Yesterday at 9:30 pm, Manisha was playing in the garden.
Today at 9:30 pm, Manisha is watching a movie.
Fill in the blanks with appropriate verb forms: ( ક્રિયાપદના યોગ્યરૂપો વડે ખાલીજગ્યા પૂરો.)
(1) Last night I slept at 2:00 am last night. (sleep)
(2) You write answer in I Practice Book. (write)
(3) Yesterday, Mr. Shah talked to his wife at 10:00 am. (talk)
(4) My mother is cutting vegetables now. (cut)
(5) The sparrow is flying in the sky. (fly)
(6) As the monkey was injured, people tried to heal it. (try)
(7) Rucha is cooking because she is hungry. (cook)
(8) When Sejal entered the room, the children were playing.(play)
Activiy – 7
Write a letter to your friend. The following questions will help you. Write about one place:
(તમારા મિત્રને પત્ર લખો. નીચેના પ્રશ્નો મદદરૂપ બનશે. કોઈપણ એક સ્થળ વિશે લખો.)
(1) Which place did you visit?
(2) When did you go there?
(3) How did you go there?
(4) Who went with you?
(5) What did you like / dislike?
Ahmedabad,
25th June, 2018
Dear Khushboo,
Hello! I received your letter yesterday and I was glad to know that you visited Shimla with your family.
This time, I spent my summer vacation at a village near Dholka. One of my uncle lives there. He is the manager of the village bank, I went there in the last week of May. My father dropped me upto Dholka in a the bus. From there, my uncle picked me and then we went by a jeep. On the way I saw many fields. People were riding on bullock-carts. We reached at uncle’s house within 20 minutes. Aunty and my cousin welcomed us. The watermelon juice that my aunt made was much better than any soft drink we use to drink in cities. I liked the pollution free environment and greenery over there. I spent 15 days there. It was a wonderful experience.
Convey my regards to your parents.
Yours sincerely,
Rita
11. Complete the following letter using the words given in the brackets: (કૌંસમાં આપેલા શબ્દોનો ઉપયોગ કરી પત્ર પૂર્ણ કરો.)
[displayed in an exhibition; level of pollution; air, water and land; conducted a survey: create an awareness; causes of pollution; poster making competition]
506, Shalibhadra Tower,
Naranpura,
Ahmedabad.
Dear friend Harshita,
I am writing this letter to tell you about an interesting project that we did in our school. We had a discussion about the causes of pollution and what we can do to reduce pollution of air, water and land.
We also had a poster making competition in the school. The best posters were displayed in an exhibition in the assembly hall. Some of the students also conducted a survey to find out the level of pollution in our area. The results were also displayed in the exhibition.
We also took out a rally in our area to create an awareness about the harmful effects of pollution.
It was fun and we learnt a lot. I am sending some photographs of this project.
Your loving friend,
Riddhi.
(1) Present Continuous Tense ચાલુ વર્તમાનકાળ
Continuous tenses ને progressive tenses. પણ કહે છે
You are watching video on YouTube now.
તમે હમણાં કાળ શીખી રહ્યા છો.
બાળકો આ ક્ષણે ક્રિકેટ રમી રહ્યા છે.
Neha is writing homework now.
નેહા હમણાં ગૃહકાર્ય લખી રહી છે.
I am teaching you Present Continuous Tense now.
હું તમને હમણાં ચાલુ વર્તમાનકાળ ભણાવી રહ્યો છું
2.નજીકના ભવિષ્યમાં કોઈ ક્રિયા કરવાનું આયોજન છે, તેવું દર્શાવવા.માટે
પ્રાઇમ મિનિસ્ટર આવતા શનિવારે ગુજરાતમાં આવી રહ્યા છે.
હું લોકનૃત્યનું ટ્યુશન લઇ રહ્યો છું.
I am trying to learn English.
હું અંગ્રેજી શીખવાનો પ્રયત્ન કરી રહ્યો છું.
He is looking for a new job.
તે નવી નોકરી શોધી રહ્યો છે.
We are searching a new flat or raw house in this locality.
આ વિસ્તાર માં અમે નવો ફ્લેટ અથવા રો હાઉસ શોધી રહ્યા છીએ.
ચાલુ વર્તમાન કાળ ને ઓળખવા ની નિશાની:-
સમયદર્શક શબ્દ :
At present – હાલમાં
At this moment – આ ક્ષણે
Now a days – અત્યારે
Listen, Hear, Run, Look, See . Watch. જેવા શબ્દ પછી અલ્પવિરામ આવે અને પછી કર્તા વાળું વાક્ય આવે ત્યારે :
1. Look, the birds are flying in the sky.
Sentence Structure:-વાક્ય રચના
હકાર વાક્ય માટે વાક્ય રચના: Affirmative sentence:-
કર્તા + am/is/are+ ing વાળું મુખ્ય ક્રિયાપદ (V4)+ કર્મ + અન્ય શબ્દો.
1. I am teaching grammar at this time.
2. Manisha is writing homework at present.
કર્તા + am/is/are + not + ing વાળું મુખ્ય ક્રિયાપદ (V4)+ કર્મ + અન્ય શબ્દો.
1. Jatin is not writing homework now.
2. You are not going to school.
પ્રશ્નાર્થ વાક્ય માટે વાક્ય રચના:-Interrogative sentence :-
Am/is/are+ કર્તા + ing વાળું મુખ્ય ક્રિયાપદ (V4)+ કર્મ + અન્ય શબ્દો.
1. Is she writing homework?
Wh પ્રશ્ન વાક્ય માટે વાક્યરચના :
Wh શબ્દ + am/is/are +કર્તા+ ing વાળુ મુખ્ય ક્રિયાપદ(V4)+ કર્મ+ અન્ય શબ્દો.
1. Where are you standing now?
Who પ્રશ્ન વાક્ય માટે વાક્યરચના :
Who + is + ing વાળું મુખ્ય ક્રિયાપદ (V4)+ કર્મ+ અન્ય શબ્દો.
Who is writing homework now ?
1. સામાન્ય રીતે ક્રિયાપદ અંતે ing લગાડવાથી ચાલુ વર્તમાન કાળના રૂપ બને છે.
catch – catching
2. ક્રિયાપદ ને અંતે e હોય અને તેની આગળ એક વ્યંજન અને એક જ સ્વર હોય તો eને દૂર કરી –ing પ્રત્યય લાગે છે. એટલે કે 【મુખ્ય ક્રિયાપદના છેલ્લા ત્રણ અક્ષર:- સ્વર+ વ્યંજન+ e 】 હોય તો છેલ્લો અક્ષર e ને દૂર કરી ing લગાડવું.
come – coming
drive – driving
run – running
swim – swimming
ખાસ નોંધ : Cheat:-t ની આગળ e અને a નામના બે સ્વર છે તેથી t ડબલ થાય નહીં. એટલે કે cheat— cheating આ સાચું છે. પરંતુ cheatting આ ખોટું છે
ખાસ નોંધ:- open મા છેલ્લો અક્ષર n પર ભાર પડતો ન હોવાથી આગળ એક જ સ્વર હોવા છતાં પણ-n ડબલ nn થતો નથી. Openning ખોટું છે.opening સાચું છે.
ખાસ નોંધ:- ક્રિયાપદ ના અંતે y હોય તો y નો i કે ડબલ- yy થતો નથી. પરંતુ માત્ર ing પ્રત્યય લાગે છે.
play – playing
cry – crying
travel – travelling
Quarrel – quarrelling
cancel – cancelling.
મુખ્ય ક્રિયાપદ ને અંતે ie હોય તો તેના સ્થાને y મૂકી ing પ્રત્યય લાગે છે.
Die – dying
નીચે દર્શાવેલી વાત ખાસ યાદ રાખો
• નીચે બતાવેલા કેટલાક ક્રિયાપદો તેના અર્થ ને કારણે ચાલુ વર્તમાનકાળમાં વાપરી શકાતા નથી.
ઉદાહરણ તરીકે :- I am seeing the sunrise. આ રીતે વાક્ય લખવાને બદલે સામાન્ય રીતે આપણે I see the sunrise. લખીએ છીએ : હું સૂર્યોદય જોઈ રહ્યો છું.
I’m hearing the noise. (wrong)
He is seeing the picture. (wrong)
He sees the picture. (right)
Sunita is liking sweets.( wrong) Sunita likes sweets. (right)
I’m looking the movie.(wrong)
I’m watching the movie. (right)
•આમ નીચે બતાવેલા કેટલાક ક્રિયાપદો તેના અર્થ ને કારણે ચાલુ વર્તમાનકાળમાં વાપરી શકાતા નથી.
1) Verbs of perception,દ્રષ્ટિ સૂચક ક્રિયાપદો:-
see, hear, smell, notice, recognize.
2) Verbs of appearing, સામે કંઈક દેખાય છે તેવું બતાવતા ક્રિયાપદો .
appear, look, seem.
3) Verbs of emotion, લાગણી દર્શાવતા ભાવવાચક ક્રિયાપદ.
want, wish, desire, feel, like, love, hate, hope, refuse, prefer.
4) Verbs of વિચાર, ચિંતન ,અભિપ્રાય બતાવતા ક્રિયાપદ
think, suppose believe, agree, consider, trust, remember, forget, know, understand, imagine, mean, mind.
5) have ( માલિકી નો ભાવ બતાવતા ક્રિયાપદ) own, possess, belong to, contain’, consist of, be (be નું passive voice માં being થઈ શકે.)
ઉપર દર્શાવેલા આ ક્રિયાપદોનો ઉપયોગ simple present tense :-સાદા વર્તમાન કાળ માં થાય છે.
ખાસ નોંધ :- જોકે ,તેઓ નો ઉપયોગ મૂળ અર્થમાં પરિવર્તન કરીને ચાલુ વર્તમાનકાળમાં વાપરી શકાય છે.
ઉદાહરણ : I am thinking of (=considering the idea of) going to America. હું અમેરિકા જવાનો વિચાર કરી રહ્યો છું.
Mr. Shah is minding (=looking after) the baby while his wife is out for shopping. જ્યારે મિસ્ટર શાહની પત્ની ખરીદી માટે બહાર હોય છે ત્યારે તે બેબી ની સંભાળ રાખે છે.
ટૂંકમાં યાદ રાખો:- કેટલા ક્રિયાપદો જેવા કે
see, hear, believe, belong, depend, hate, know, like, love, mean, need, prefer, realise, suppose, want, understand, fit, contain વગેરેનો ઉપયોગ કોઈપણ ચાલુ કાળમાં થતો નથી.
•Fill in the blanks using verb forms of Present Continuous Tense.
1) Look, the old man _________the road. (cross)
2) They __________ the programme now. (watch)
3) Mother __________ my favourite dish for lunch. (make)
4) Take an umbrella with you. It __________ (rain)
5) Divya __________ because she lost her purse. (cry)
6) The students __________ for their exams which begin tomorrow. (prepare)
7) Shreya cannot talk to you because she __________ her home work. (do)
8) The children __________ in the water. (play)
9) What __________ you __________ about ? (talk)
10) The beggar __________ for alms. (beg)
11.Water ____________, you can add sugar now.(boil)
12.Let’s go out. It____________not____________now.(rain)
13.I do not have my car today. I ____________to office by an auto.(go)
14.What____________your mother____________at this moment.(do)
15. Please don’t talk loudly while l____________. (read)
16.Look, the monkeys____________on the roof.(jump)
17.The teacher____________ to his class room( go )
18.Where is your father____________now-a-days ? (work)
19. Please keep silence, a small baby ____________.(sleep)
20. Be careful when you____________your vehicle.(drive)
21. They____________to her carefully.(listen)
22. Don’t disturb me while I____________my lesson in my class.(read)
23. Who____________there now ? (shout)
24.We____________not____________to solve this issue.(try)
25.This shop____________a big discount.(provide)
Ans:- (1) is crossing (2) are watching (3) is making (4) is raining (5) is crying (6) are preparing (7) is doing (8) are playing (9) are you talking (10) is begging (11) is boiling (12) is raining (13) am going (14) is doing (15)am reading (16) are jumping (17) is going (18) working (19) is sleeping (20) are driving (21) are listening(22) am reading (23) is shouting (24) are trying (25) is providing
(2)Past continuous tense:- ચાલુ ભૂતકાળ
ઉપયોગ :-
1)ધારો કે ટીવી પર એક ફિલ્મ ગઈકાલે સાંજે સાત વાગે શરૂ થઈ અને રાત્રે નવ વાગે પૂરી થઈ હવે ધારો કે રાહુલ રાત્રે આઠ વાગ્યે આજ ફિલ્મ જોઈ રહ્યો હોય તો આપણે એમ કહેવું પડે કે:- રાહુલ ગઈકાલે રાત્રે આઠ વાગ્યે ટીવી જોઈ રહ્યો હતો.Rahul was watching film on TV at 8 pm yesterday.
2)ભૂતકાળમાં કોઈ ક્રિયા ચાલુ હતી તે.દર્શાવવા માટે ચાલુ ભૂતકાળ નો ઉપયોગ થાય છે.
જેમકે :-તે વખતે અમે રેડીમેડ કપડા ખરીદી રહ્યા હતા.
We were buying ready made clothes at that time.
3)ભૂતકાળના અમુક ચોક્કસ સમયે ક્રિયા ચાલુ હતી તે દર્શાવવા માટે પણ ચાલુ ભૂતકાળ નો ઉપયોગ થાય છે.
જેમકે ગઈકાલે સાંજે છ વાગ્યે અમે અમારું હોમવર્ક કરી રહ્યા હતા.
We were writing our home work at 6 pm yesterday.
★રમી રહ્યા હતા અથવા રમતા હતા એવા પ્રકારનું ભાષાંતર ચાલુ ભૂતકાળ માં થાય છે.
Signs : કાળની ઓળખ માટે નીચેના શબ્દો નો ઉપયોગ થાય છે.
Then, At that time, As, While, When તથા ભૂતકાળ દર્શક શબ્દો સાથે ચોક્કસ સમય આપ્યો.:- at 6 pm yesterday, at 10 am last week. વગેરે.
ઉદાહરણ :-They were drawing picture at 7 pm yesterday.
•We were dancing then.
4)Past Continuous Tense + Simple Past Tense નો ભેગો સંયુક્ત ઉપયોગ :-
•ઘણી વખત ભૂતકાળમાં બે ક્રિયા પૂરી થઈ હોય તે દરમિયાન બીજી ક્રિયા ચાલુ હોય તેવું દર્શાવવા માટે આ બંને વાક્યોને when કે while વડે જોડવામાં આવે છે.
• long action દર્શાવવા માટે past continuous tense નો ઉપયોગ short action દર્શાવવા માટે simple past tense ના ઉપયોગ સાથે when કે while વડે જોડવામાં આવે છે.
• ઉપર દર્શાવેલી ભૂતકાળની long action અને short action ક્રિયાઓને when કે while વડે જોડી દેવામાં આવે છે example: ધારો કે આપણી પાસે બે ક્રિયાઓ છે: 1. long action:- (watching TV), જેને ચાલુ ભૂતકાળ માં દર્શાવીશું તથા 2. short action (telephoned), જેને સાદા ભૂતકાળમાં દર્શાવીશું.:- While I was watching TV, my friend telephoned me. અથવા When my friend telephoned me, I was watching TV.
જ્યારે હું ટીવી જોઈ રહ્યો હતો ત્યારે મારા મિત્રએ મને ફોન કર્યો. અથવા જ્યારે મારા મિત્રએ મને ફોન કર્યો ત્યારે હું ટીવી જોઈ રહ્યો હતો.
• ફોન કર્યો એ ટીવી જોવાનો સમય બતાવે છે
“Watching TV” થોડાક કલાક ચાલતી ક્રિયા છે. જ્યારે “Telephoned” થોડીક મિનિટ ચાલતી ક્રિયા છે
• ટૂંકમાં યાદ રાખો:- when સાથે short action (simple past tense માં) • while સાથે long action (past continuous tense માં)
• while થી શરુ થતુ વાક્ય ચાલુ ભૂતકાળમાં સમજવું.
• When અને While વાળા વાક્યો ચાર રીતે જોડી શકાય
• ઉદાહરણ તરીકે
1. When our father came home, we were reading . જ્યારે અમારા પિતાજી ઘરે આવ્યા ત્યારે અમે વાંચી રહ્યા હતા
2. We were reading when our father came home.
3. While we were reading, our father came home. જ્યારે અમે વાંચી રહ્યા હતા ત્યારે અમારા પિતાજી ઘરે આવ્યા
4. Our father came home while we were reading.
• અહીં વાંચવા ની ક્રિયા long action છે. જ્યારે પિતાજીની ઘરે આવવાની ક્રિયા short action છે.
• થોડાક વધુ ઉદાહરણ:-
• I saw an accident, while I was crossing the road.
• As (While) he was running very fast, he fell down.
• Ram went home early because it was snowing.
• ક્યારેક while વાળી રચનામાં બંને વાક્યો ચાલુ ભૂતકાળમાં પણ આવી શકે છે.
• જેમકે : While the teacher was teaching, some students were talking. જ્યારે શિક્ષક ભણાવી રહ્યા હતા ત્યારે કેટલાક વિદ્યાર્થીઓ વાતો કરી રહ્યા હતા.
હકાર વાક્ય રચના :
કર્તા + was / were + મુખ્ય ક્રિયાપદ ing વાળું રૂપ + કર્મ + અન્ય શબ્દો.
EXAMPLES:
1. Keyur was watching TV.
2. You were working hard.
કર્તા + was / were +not+ મુખ્ય ક્રિયાપદ ing વાળું રૂપ + કર્મ + અન્ય શબ્દો.
EXAMPLES :
1. He(she, it) was not helping Neha.
2. We were not joking.
3. They were not drawing picture at that time.
પ્રશ્નાર્થ વાક્ય રચના :
Was / Were + કર્તા+ not જો હોય તો + મુખ્ય ક્રિયાપદનું ing વાળું રૂપ + કર્મ + અન્ય શબ્દો?
EXAMPLES :
1. Were they drawing picture at that time?
2. Were we dancing at that time?
3. Was Ketan reading when his Father came?
Wh+ was / were + કર્તા+ not જો હોય તો + મુખ્ય ક્રિયાપદનું ing વાળું રૂપ + કર્મ + અન્ય શબ્દો?
What was he doing then?
Who + was / were + not જો હોય તો + મુખ્ય ક્રિયાપદનું ing વાળું રૂપ + કર્મ + અન્ય શબ્દો?
Who was talking when the teacher entered?
• ખાસ નોંધ :
• મુખ્ય ક્રિયાપદ ની પાછળ ing લગાડવાના નિયમ ચાલુ વર્તમાનકાળમાં બતાવ્યા છે તે મુજબ છે.
• રોજિંદી ક્રિયા હોય તો while વાળા વાક્ય સાથે ચાલુ વર્તમાનકાળ પણ આવી શકે.
જેમકે :
2) You should be very careful while you are writing in final exam.
જ્યારે તમે ફાઇનલ પરીક્ષામાં લખી રહ્યા હોય ત્યારે તમારે ખૂબ કાળજી રાખવી જોઈએ.
• જો while પછી કર્તા ન હોય , તો અને સીધુ મુખ્ય ક્રિયાપદ આવે તો મુખ્ય ક્રિયાપદની પાછળ ing લગાડવું. (કોઈ કાળ બનાવો નહીં.)
ઉદાહરણ:
• વાક્ય એક વચનમાં હોય કે બહુવચનમાં હોય You સાથે હંમેશા ચાલુ વર્તમાનમાં are અને ચાલુ ભૂતકાળમાં were વાપરવું.
ઉદાહરણ:
2) Children were playing at that time.
• કેટલા ક્રિયાપદો જેવા કે see, hear, believe, belong, depend, hate, know, like, love, mean, need, prefer, realise, suppose, want, વગેરે નો ઉપયોગ ચાલુ વર્તમાન કે ચાલુ ભૂતકાળ માં થતો નથી જેની ચર્ચા ચાલુ વર્તમાનકાળ ની સમજુતી માં કરી દીધી છે.
1) The travellers __________ amongst themselves when the police arrived. (fight)
2) When I saw him, he __________ chess. (play)
3) Meena __________ at 7pm yesterday. (study)
4) When Shila reached home, the children __________ T.V. (watch)
5) Sanjay jumped off the train while it __________ . (move)
6) They __________ the old wall then. (paint)
7) The little boy __________ when the mosquito bit him on the cheek. (sleep)
8) I spilt coffee on my book while I __________ it (read)
9) He __________ from fever even before he left for Mumbai. (suffer)
Ans:-(1) were fighting (2) was playing (3) was studying (4) were watching (5) was moving (6) were painting (7) was sleeping (8) was reading (9) was suffering (10) was writing
Fill in the blanks with simple past and past continuous tense.
1. What —- you —— (do) when the accident occurred?
2. The door bell rang while I ………. .( cook)
3. It …….(rain) when I ……….. (get) up.
4. When I ——-(be) young, I ……..(want) to be a pilot.
5. I ………..( call) you last night, but you ……….(be) not there.
Ans:-
1. What were you doing when the accident occurred?
2. The door bell rang while I was cooking.
3. It was raining, when I got up.
4. When I was young I wanted to be a pilot.
5. I called you last night, but you were not there.
★ Some more examples of Present Continuous Tense:-
• She is singing now.
• The boys are playing hockey.
• I am going to the cinema tonight.
• My uncle is arriving tomorrow.
• I am thinking to help you.
• I am going to native place next week.
• You are disturbing us.
• You are dancing well.
• We are going to office.
• We are trying to solve this issue.
• They are enjoying a party.
• He is talking to me.
• He is joking.
• She is driving a car.
• She is looking for a new bungalow.
• It is disturbing me.
• Raj is reading a book.
• A new student is entering into the class room.
1. Am I disturbing you?
2. Is he waiting for me?
શું તમારી રાહ જોઈ રહ્યો છે?
3. Is she cooking in the kitchen?
શું તેના કિચન માં રસોઈ કરી રહી છે?
4. Are they giving you a discount?
શું તે discount આપી રહ્યા છે?
શું તમારી રાહ જોઈ રહ્યો છે?
7. Is she cooking in the kitchen?
શું તેના કિચન માં રસોઈ કરી રહી છે?
8. Are they giving you a discount?
શું તે discount આપી રહ્યા છે?
9. Is Raj knocking the door?
★ Some more examples of Past Continuous Tense:-
1) I was reading a novel at that time.
2) She was reading a story book at 9.35 pm.
3) Rupesh was having his breakfast at 8 in the morning.
4) I saw an accident while (as) I was crossing the road.
5) I was present in the stadium while Raina was batting.
6) The rain started while the players were playing.
7) I was writing a letter when you came.
8) While I was getting into the bus, my pocket was picked.
9) When the doorbell rang, we were watching a T.V. serial.
10) I found my lost pen while I was going to the staff room.
11) While I was passing through the street, 2 boys were quarrelling.
12) While the teacher was teaching, I was sleeping.
13) Rome was burning while Nero was fiddling.
14) Nala left Damayanti while she was sleeping.
15) While pupils were playing, the bell rang.
16) Don’t disturb me while I am sleeping.
17) You should be very careful while you are writing in final exam.
◆Co-ordinating Conjunctions: સંયોજકો (AND , OR ,BUT):
• બે શબ્દોને , બે શબ્દ સમૂહ ને,કે બે વાક્યો ને જોડવા માટે વપરાતા શબ્દને સંયોજકો Conjunctions કહે છે. તેઓને connectors અથવા joining words પણ કહે છે અંગ્રેજી વ્યાકરણમાં ત્રણ પ્રકારના સંયોજકો છે.
1.Co-ordinating Conjunctions. 2.Subordinating Conjunctions 3.Correlative Conjunctions.
• આજે આપણે Co-ordinating Conjunctions નો અભ્યાસ કરવાનો છે.
જેમાં But, Or, So, And, For, Nor, Yet નો સમાવેશ થાય છે.
• શબ્દો અથવા શબ્દસમૂહો કે બે વાક્યો કે જે સામાન્ય રીતે સ્વભાવગત (in nature) સમાન હોય છે, જેમાં રહેલા બન્ને વાક્યો સ્વતંત્ર અર્થ ધરાવતા હોય છે. એક બીજા પર આધારિત હોતા નથી. તેવા જૂથોને જોડતા સંયોજકો ને Co-ordinating Conjunctions કહેવામાં આવે છે. સામાન્ય રીતે શબ્દો અથવા શબ્દોના જૂથો કે બે વાક્યોની વચ્ચે આ પ્રકારના સંયોજકોનો ઉપયોગ કરવા આવે છે અને તેથી તે વાક્યની મધ્યમાં જોવા મળે છે, શરૂઆત અથવા અંત તરફ નહીં.
• મિત્રો ધોરણ-8 માટે આજે આપણે and, or but વ્યાકરણ નો વિગતવાર અભ્યાસ કરીશું.
★ AND:- અને
• બે શબ્દો , શબ્દ સમૂહ કે વાક્યો એકબીજાના અર્થમાં વધારો કે ઉમેરો કરે ત્યારે તેઓને and થી જોડવામાં આવે છે.ઉદા.
*Two verbs :- બે ક્રિયાને જોડવું:
1. Kavita Sings well. Kavita dances well.
• Kavita sings and dances well.
2. The audience clapped. The audience shouted.
• The audience clapped and shouted.
3.The machine can wash clothes. The machine can dry clothes, too .
• The machine can wash clothes and dry clothes.
*Two adjectives:- બે વિશેષણને જોડવું:
1. Manoj is smart. Manoj is intelligent.
• Manoj is smart and intelligent.
2. English is easy. English is interesting.
• English is easy and interesting.
*Two adverbs:- બે ક્રિયાવિશેષણને જોડવું :
1.Radha sang sweetly. Radha Sang melodiously (મધુર)
• Radha sang sweetly and melodiously.
2. He solved the puzzle easily. He solved the puzzle quickly.
• He solved the puzzle easily and quickly.
*Two nouns:- બે નામને જોડવું
1. Raju is clever. Rakesh also is clever.
• Raju and Rakesh are clever.
2.Chennai is a Big City. Mumbai is a big city.
• Chennai and Mumbai are big cities.
●ખાસ યાદ રાખો:- જો બે કર્તાને and થી જોડવામાં આવે ત્યારે વાક્ય બહુવચન થાય છે. ઉપરના ઉદાહરણમાં ચેન્નાઇ અને મુંબઇ બે કર્તાઓ જોડાઇને એકબીજામાં ઉમેરો કરતા હોવાથી is નું are અને cityનું cities બહુવચન કર્યું છે . વિશેષણ big , clever, વગેરેનું બહુવચન થતું નથી.
3.He bought a pen. He bought a pencil.
• He bought a pen and a pencil.
અહીં pen અને pencil બે કર્તા નથી માટે વાક્ય બહુવચન કર્યું નથી.
*Two sentences:- બે વાક્યો ને જોડવા:
1. We went to the cinema hall. We watched the film.
• We went to the cinema hall and watched the film.
2. The people of Taj Nagar collected 20 lakh rupees. They built a railway station.
• The people of Taj Nagar collected 20 lakh rupees and built a railway station.
●ખાસ નોંધ:- 1.જ્યારે and થી બે વાક્યને જોડવામાં આવે ત્યારે too, even , also શબ્દો કાઢી નાખવું.
2. સમાન કર્તા, ક્રિયાપદ, કર્મ સ્થળ , સમય. બીજી વખત રીપીટ કરવું નહીં એટલે બીજી વખત આવે તો કાઢી નાખવું. ઉપરના ઉદાહરણમાં the people અને they બંને સમાન કરતા હોવાથી theyનું બીજી વખત પુનરાવર્તન કર્યું નથી.
★BUT:- પરંતુ , પણ
જ્યારે બે વાક્યોમાં વિરોધી ભાવ વ્યક્ત થતો હોય ત્યારે but નો ઉપયોગ કરવો.
ઉદાહરણ તરીકે
1. Nikunj worked hard.નિકુંજે સખત મહેનત કરી.
• He failed in exam. તે પરીક્ષામાં નાપાસ થયો.
• ઉપરના બંને વાક્યોમાં નિકુંજે સખત મહેનત કરી એટલે તે પાસ થવો જોઈએ. પરંતુ તેને બદલે તે નાપાસ થાય છે તેથી અહીં બન્ને વાક્યોમાં પરસ્પર વિરોધી ભાવ હોવાથી , આ બંને વાક્યોને but થી જોડવું પડશે
• Nikunj work hard, but (he) failed in exam. નિકુંજે સખત મહેનત કરી પરંતુ તે પરીક્ષામાં નાપાસ થયો.
Example:
• I like living in the city but my brother prefers living in the country.
2. Manoj is poor. He is an honest man.
• Manoj is poor, but he is an honest man.
3. I like coffee. My friend does not like coffee.
• I like coffee, but my friend does not like coffee.
4. Gandhiji was old. He could walk fast .
• Gandhiji was old, but he could walk fast.
★ OR:-અથવા, કે
• જ્યારે આપેલા બે વાક્યમાં વિકલ્પ દર્શાવેલ હોય એટલે કે આપેલા બે વિકલ્પમાંથી એક વિકલ્પ પસંદ કરવાનો હોય ત્યારે OR નો ઉપયોગ થાય છે.
ઉદાહરણ:-
1. Keep quiet. Get out of the class.
• Keep quiet or get out of the class.
શાંતિ જાળવો અથવા વર્ગખંડની બહાર જાઓ.
• “અહીં ઉપરના વાક્યમાં શાંતિ જાળવવાનું અથવા વર્ગખંડની બહાર જવાનું આ બેમાંથી એક વિકલ્પ પસંદ કરવાનો છે તેથી આ બે વાક્યોને આપણે OR થી જોડવું પડે.”
●ખાસ નોંધ :- સમાન કર્તા, ક્રિયાપદ ,કર્મ ,સ્થળ બીજી વખત રીપીટ કરવું નહીં.
2. I will take tea. I will take coffee.
• I will take tea or coffee.
3. Come regularly. Leave to study.
• Come regularly or leave to study.
4. Would you take tea? Would you take coffee?
• Would you take tea or coffee?
5. The book is on the table. The book is in the cupboard.
• The book is on the table or in the cupboard.
◆નિયમ:-
• co-ordinating conjunction AND, OR, BUT પહેલાં અલ્પવિરામનો ઉપયોગ ત્યારે જ થાય છે જ્યારે તે બે સ્વતંત્ર ઉપવાક્યો ને જોડે છે.
• જ્યારે આ સંયોજનનો ઉપયોગ બે શબ્દો / શબ્દસમૂહોને જોડાવા માટે થાય છે, ત્યારે અલ્પવિરામનો ઉપયોગ થતો નથી.
ઉદાહરણ: I love to eat Italian and Chinese
હું ઇટાલિયન અને ચાઇનીઝ ખાવાનું પસંદ કરું છું .
• જ્યારે બે કરતા વધારે વસ્તુઓ સાથે And ,or, but નો ઉપયોગ કરવામાં આવે છે, ત્યારે આ સંયોજકો પહેલાં અલ્પવિરામ મૂકવું. અલ્પવિરામ સાથેનું
હીનાબેન અમારી શાળામાં અંગ્રેજી, હિન્દી, ગુજરાતી અને સંસ્કૃત ભણાવે છે.
Choose the correct answer(and ,or , but) And, or ,but માથી સાચો જવાબ પસંદ કરી ખાલી જગ્યા પૂરો.
1. It was a difficult exam, ____________I passed it.
2. She worked hard ____________made a lot of money.
3. I was against the new project,____________I accepted to help.
4. He was late ____________wasn’t allowed to get in.
5. We went Rajkot by a bus ____________a car.
6. The car was very expensive, ____________cheap (સસ્તી)
7. The car was very expensive, ____________I could bought it.
8. She was very poor, ____________she never asked for help.
9. He wanted to eat for dinner, ____________he couldn’t find a restaurant.
10. He stopped talking____________ lit a cigarette. (સિગારેટ સળગાવી)
11. I wanted to attend the meeting,_________I couldn’t because I was very ill.
12. He was the best candidate,___________he didn’t win the elections.
13. He was very ill, ____________he didn’t take any medicine.
14. Keep quiet ____________go out. Is it Thursday ____________Friday today?
16. My brother____________my sister can solve this sum.
17. Would you like meat(માંસ)____________vegetables for lunch?
18. My father likes football ,____________he doesn’t like basketball.
19. Show me your license____________your bike will be detained.
20. Pay the bill by cash ____________by Paytm.
Ans:- 1. but
વોટ્સએપ ગ્રુપમાં શેર કરો